Reaction with high-concentration titrant {titration}| can measure concentrations in acid-base reactions, precipitations, oxidation-reductions, and complexometric reactions.
complexometric reaction
Reactions {complexometric reaction} can make water-soluble chelate from metal ion and EDTA.
volume
Titrants are at high concentration, so volume used is small.
titrant
Hydrochloric acid is for base titration. Sodium hydroxide is for acid titration.
process
Find acid or base concentration by reacting solution volume with known-concentration base or acid volume, until solution is neutral. pH or voltage changes fast at beginning, then rate becomes small as amounts become almost equal, and then rate becomes rapid again if past titration point. Find concentration by converting volume to mass.
Indicators typically change color at second rapid-rise beginning. Titrating weak acid or base slowly changes pH at pK. When pH = pK, salt and acid or base are equal.
standardization
Sodium carbonate standardizes strong-acid titrant. Find first sodium-carbonate endpoint with phenolphthalein at pH 8.0 to 9.5. Find second endpoint with methyl red at pH 4 to 6. Boiling removes carbon dioxide.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standardizes strong-base titrant. Phenolphthalein is indicator.
oxidation-reduction
For oxidation-reduction reactions, moles times valence {equivalent} depends on charge. Valence divides into molecular weight {equivalent weight}.
back titration
Methods {back titration} can add excess titrant to sample and then find excess titrant by titrating with another titrant.
Sample milligrams can be equivalent to one-milliliter titrant {titer}. Total weight m is titer t times number n of titrant milliliters: m = t*n.
Titration measures concentrations in acid-base reactions, precipitations, oxidation-reductions, and complexometric reactions by reaction with high-concentration solution {titrant}.
5-Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry
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Date Modified: 2022.0225